The condition can be present from birth, or primary. Secondary central diabetes insipidus is acquired later in life. The cause of primary central diabetes insipidus is often unknown. Some causes result from an abnormality in the gene responsible for vasopressin secretion. The secondary type is acquired through diseases and injuries that affect how vasopressin is produced.
These can include brain lesions resulting from head injuries, cancers , or brain surgery. Other body-wide conditions and infections can also trigger central diabetes insipidus.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can also be inherited or acquired. This type affects the response of the kidneys to vasopressin. This affects water balance to varying degrees. In rare cases, pregnancy can cause a disturbance of vasopressin, especially during the third trimester.
This occurs due to the placenta releasing an enzyme that degrades vasopressin. Gestational diabetes insipidus is treatable during gestation and resolves 2 or 3 weeks following childbirth. The condition affects only a few women out of every , women who are pregnant. Fluid imbalance can also occur after fluids are administered intravenously IV. In these cases, the rate of the drip is stopped or slowed, and the need to urinate resolves.
High-protein tube feeds may also increase urine output. The water deprivation test is a reliable test to help diagnose diabetes insipidus. However, the test has to be performed by a specialist, as it can be dangerous without proper supervision.
The water deprivation test involves allowing a patient to become increasingly dehydrated while taking blood and urine samples. In addition to managing the dangers of dehydration, close supervision also allows psychogenic polydipsia to be definitively ruled out. This condition causes a person to compulsively or habitually drink large volumes of water. Someone with psychogenic polydipsia may try to drink some water during this test, despite strict instructions against drinking.
Samples taken during the water deprivation test are assessed to determine the concentration of urine and blood, and to measure levels of electrolytes, particularly sodium, in the blood. Under normal circumstances, dehydration triggers the secretion of vasopressin from the pituitary gland in the brain, telling the kidneys to conserve water and concentrate the urine.
In diabetes insipidus, either insufficient vasopressin is released, or the kidneys are resistant to the hormone. Testing these dysfunctions will help define and treat the type of diabetes insipidus. The two types of the condition are further defined if the urine concentration then responds to injection or nasal spray of vasopressin. If the kidneys do not respond to the synthetic vasopressin, the cause is likely to be nephrogenic. Before the water deprivation test is carried out by specialists, investigations are done to rule out other explanations for the high volumes of diluted urine, including:.
Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are not related to one another. Their symptoms, however, can be similar. Doctors would taste the urine to gauge sugar content. If the urine tasted sweet, it meant that too much sugar was leaving the body in the urine, and the doctor would reach a diabetes mellitus diagnosis.
The hormone signals your kidneys to conserve fluids by pulling fluids from your urine and returning fluid to your bloodstream. As a result, too much fluid gets flushed out in your urine. Causes include. In this type of diabetes insipidus, a problem with your hypothalamus causes you to feel thirsty and drink more liquids. As a result, you may need to urinate often. Gestational diabetes insipidus is a rare, temporary condition that can develop during pregnancy.
Women who are pregnant with more than one baby are more likely to develop the condition because they have more placental tissue. Other tests and procedures may include. The main way to treat diabetes insipidus is to drink enough liquids to prevent dehydration. But doing so can disrupt your regular lifestyle, including your sleep. Your health care professional may refer you to a specialist, such as a nephrologist or an endocrinologist for more specific treatments.
Other treatments vary by cause. Health care professionals most often treat central diabetes insipidus with a man-made hormone called desmopressin , which replaces the vasopressin your body is not making. In some cases, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus may go away after treating its cause. For example, switching medicines or taking steps to balance the amount of calcium or potassium in your body may be enough to resolve the problem.
Your health care professional may also prescribe a class of diuretic medicines called thiazides to help reduce the amount of urine your kidneys make.
Sucking on ice chips or sugar free candies to moisten your mouth and increase saliva flow may help reduce your thirst. If you wake up many times at night to urinate, your health care professional may suggest you take a small dose of desmopressin at bedtime. Your health care professional may also monitor your blood levels of sodium, which can drop too low if you have this condition.
Health care professionals treat gestational diabetes insipidus with desmopressin, which is safe for both mother and baby. Gestational diabetes insipidus usually goes away after the baby is born, but may return if the mother becomes pregnant again. Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing diabetes insipidus. To reduce symptoms, your health care professional may suggest you eat a diet that is low in salt and protein to help your kidneys make less urine.
In some cases, these changes alone may be enough to keep your symptoms under control, particularly if you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
The NIDDK conducts and supports clinical trials in many diseases and conditions, including kidney diseases. The trials look to find new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease and improve quality of life. Clinical trials—and other types of clinical studies —are part of medical research and involve people like you. When you volunteer to take part in a clinical study, you help doctors and researchers learn more about disease and improve health care for people in the future.
Find out if clinical studies are right for you. Griffin P. Diabetes insipidus, however, causes excessive production of very diluted urine and excessive thirst. The disease is categorized into groups.
Two of the groups are described below:. The following are the most common symptoms of diabetes insipidus.
However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:. The symptoms of diabetes insipidus may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your physician for a diagnosis. In addition to a complete medical history and medical examination, diagnostic procedures for diabetes insipidus may include:.
Treating diabetes insipidus depends on what is causing the disease. Specific treatment for diabetes insipidus will be determined by your physician based on:. Treatment may include modified antidiuretic hormone drugs administered either as injections, pills, or intranasal spray.
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