High winds associated with Hugo extended far inland, with Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina reporting 67 mph sustained winds with gusts to mph and Charlotte, North Carolina reporting 69 mph sustained winds and gusts to 99 mph. Hugo was responsible for 21 deaths in the mainland United States, five more in Puerto Rico and the U. Virgin Islands, and 24 more elsewhere in the Caribbean. Virgin Islands.
Hurricane Andrew One of the most destructive United States hurricanes of record started modestly as a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on August The wave spawned a tropical depression on August 16, which became Tropical Storm Andrew the next day. Further development was slow, as the west-northwestward moving Andrew encountered an unfavorable upper-level trough.
Indeed, the storm almost dissipated on August 20 due to vertical wind shear. By August 21, Andrew was midway between Bermuda and Puerto Rico and turning westward into a more favorable environment. Rapid strengthening occurred, with Andrew reaching hurricane strength on the 22nd and Category 4 status on the 23rd. After briefly weakening over the Bahamas, Andrew regained Category 4 status as it blasted its way across south Florida on August The hurricane continued westward into the Gulf of Mexico where it gradually turned northward.
This motion brought Andrew to the central Louisiana coast on August 26 as a Category 3 hurricane. Andrew then turned northeastward, eventually merging with a frontal system over the Mid-Atlantic states on August Reports from private barometers helped establish that Andrew's central pressure at landfall in Homestead, Florida was Andrew's peak winds in south Florida were not directly measured due to destruction of the measuring instruments.
An automated station at Fowey Rocks reported mph sustained winds with gusts to mph measured ft above the ground , and higher values may have occurred after the station was damaged and stopped reporting. The National Hurricane Center had a peak gust of mph measured ft above the ground , while a mph gust was measured at a private home. Additionally, Berwick, LA reported 96 mph sustained winds with gusts to mph.
Andrew produced a 17 ft storm surge near the landfall point in Florida, while storm tides of at least 8 ft inundated portions of the Louisiana coast. Andrew also produced a killer tornado in southeastern Louisiana. Andrew is responsible for 23 deaths in the United States and three more in the Bahamas. The vast majority of the damage in Florida was due to the winds. Tropical Storm Alberto Alberto was first detected as a tropical wave that moved off the African coast on 18 June.
The wave moved into the western Caribbean by late June and formed into a tropical depression near the western tip of Cuba on June The cyclone moved northwest through July 1 as it became a tropical storm, then it turned northward.
This motion continued until the cyclone made landfall in the western Florida Panhandle on the 4th. Alberto then moved north-northeastward into western Georgia, where it did a loop on the 5th and 6th. The cyclone finally dissipated over central Alabama on July 7. Alberto's winds and tides produced only minor damage at the coast, but the excessive rains that fell in Georgia, Alabama, and western Florida were another story. Amounts exceeded 10 inches in many locations, with the maximum being the Severe flooding resulted over large portions of southern Georgia, western Alabama, and the western Florida Panhandle.
Hurricane Opal Opal was first detected as a tropical wave moving off the African coast on September The waved moved westward through the Atlantic and Caribbean and merged with a broad low pressure area over the western Caribbean on September The combined system then developed into a tropical depression near the east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula on September The depression drifted slowly northward, becoming Tropical Storm Opal as it reached the north coast of Yucatan on the 30th.
Opal then moved slowly westward into the Bay of Campeche, where it became a hurricane on October 2. A gradual north-northeastward turn started later on the 2nd, with acceleration on the 3rd and 4th. Opal continued to strengthen, and a period of rapid strengthening late of the 3rd and early on the 4th made it a Category 4 hurricane.
Weakening followed, and Opal was a Category 3 hurricane when it made landfall near Pensacola Beach, Florida late on the 4th.
Opal continued quickly north-northeastward and became extratropical over the Ohio Valley on the 5th. The cyclone was last seen over the eastern Great Lakes on October 6. Hurlbert Field, Florida reported sustained winds of 84 mph with a peak gust of mph, and gusts to 70 mph occurred as far inland as northwest Georgia. However, the main impact from Opal was from storm surge. A combination of storm surge and breaking waves inundated portions of the western Florida Panhandle coast to a depth of 10 to 20 ft.
Opal was responsible for 9 deaths in the United States, including 8 from falling trees and one from a tornado. Opal was responsible for 50 deaths in Mexico and Guatemala due to flooding caused by heavy rains. Hurricane Mitch This powerful hurricane began developing over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on 22 October. It drifted westward and became a tropical storm later that day, then turned northward and became a hurricane by the 24th. Mitch then turned westward again and rapidly strengthened, becoming a Category 5 hurricane with a central pressure of mb on the 26th.
After passing over Swan Island on the 27th, a weakening Mitch moved slowly southward near the coastal Islands of Honduras. It made landfall over northern Honduras on the 29th as a Category 1 hurricane. Mitch gradually turned westward after landfall, and the surface center dissipated neat the Guatemala-Honduras border on 1 November. The remnant circulation aloft reached the Bay of Campeche on 2 November and began developing again.
The re-born Mitch became a tropical storm on 3 November, then moved northeastward across the Yucatan Peninsula on the 4th. Mitch crossed south Florida as a tropical storm on the 5th and then became extratropical later that day. The extratropical cyclone remained strong as it crossed the Atlantic, eventually affecting the British Isles and Iceland on the 9th and 10th.
Mitch ravaged the offshore islands of Honduras with high winds, seas, and storm surge. However the greatest impact was widespread heavy rains and severe floods in Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Mitch caused an estimated 9, deaths in Central America with another 9, missing. Thirty-one people died when the schooner Fantome sank as it encountered the high winds and seas associated with the hurricane. Two people died in the Florida Keys when a fishing boat capsized. Hurricane Floyd Floyd was first detected as a tropical wave that moved off the African coast on September 2.
The system developed into a tropical depression over the tropical Atlantic on September 7. Moving steadily west-northwestward, the system became a tropical storm the next day and a hurricane on the 10th. A northwestward turn late on the 10th was followed by a westward turn on the 12th, with the second turn marking the time Floyd started strengthening in earnest. It became a Category 4 hurricane on September 13 as it approached the central Bahama Islands.
A west-northwestward turn late on the 13th took the center through the northeastern Bahamas. This was followed by a gradual turn to the north-northeast, which brought the center to the North Carolina coast near Cape Fear on September 16 as a Category 2 hurricane.
Floyd continued north-northeastward along the coast of the Mid-Atlantic into New England, where the storm became extratropical on the 17th. The remnants of Floyd merged with a large non-tropical low on September While wind gusts of mph and storm surges of 9 to 10 ft were reported from the North Carolina coast, Floyd will be most remembered in the United States for its rainfall.
The combination of Floyd and a frontal system over the eastern United States produced widespread rainfalls in excess of 10 inches from North Carolina northeastward, with amounts as high as These floods also were responsible for 50 of the 56 deaths caused by Floyd in the United States.
Floyd also caused damage in the Bahamas, with one death reported. Hurricane Keith Keith began developing on 28 September when a tropical depression formed over the northwestern Caribbean Sea. The cyclone moved slowly northwestward on the 29th as it became a tropical storm, then it rapidly intensified into a Category 4 hurricane on the 30th while drifting westward toward the coast of Belize.
Keith stalled with the eyewall over the offshore islands of Belize on 1 October, and it wasn't until the 3rd that the center made landfall in Belize. Keith weakened during this time and was a tropical storm at landfall. It moved west-northwestward over the Yucatan Peninsula and further weakened to a depression on the 4th.
Keith emerged in the Bay of Campeche late that day and quickly regained tropical storm strength. It again became a hurricane on the 5th before making landfall just north of Tampico, Mexico as a Category 1 hurricane. The cyclone dissipated over northeastern Mexico the next day. Keith was responsible for 24 deaths - 12 in Nicaragua, 5 in Belize, 6 in Honduras, and 1 in Mexico.
The deaths in Belize occurred when two catamarans broke loose during the storm, while 5 of the deaths in Honduras occurred when an airplane disappeared near Roatan Island. Tropical Storm Allison Allison's long and complex career began on 5 June as an area of disturbed weather over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico developed into a tropical storm.
The storm made landfall near Freeport, Texas later that day. Allison weakened to a depression on the 6th, while drifting northward, then it made a slow loop over southeastern Texas from the 7th to the 9th. The cyclone moved into the Gulf of Mexico on the 10th and acquired subtropical characteristics.
It then moved east-northeastward over southeastern Louisiana on the 11th, where it re-intensified into a subtropical storm. Allison weakened back to a subtropical depression on the 12th while continuing east-northeastward, and this motion carried it to southeastern North Carolina by the 14th where it again stalled.
The cyclone drifted northward to northeastward drift over land on the 15th and 16th. This was followed by a faster northeastward motion on the 17th as the center emerged into the Atlantic. Allison regained subtropical storm strength later that day before becoming extratropical on the 18th southeast of Cape Cod.
The system dissipated southeast of Nova Scotia the next day. Allison brought tropical-storm-force winds and above normal tides to portions of the Texas and Louisiana coasts. However, the greatest legacy of the cyclone was the widespread heavy rains and resulting floods along the entire path of the cyclone figure.
Houston, Texas, was the worst affected area, as the Port of Houston reported The storm also spawned 23 tornadoes. Hurricane Iris Iris first became a tropical depression just east of the lesser Antilles on 4 October. The depression tracked west-northwestward into the eastern Caribbean where it became a tropical storm on the 5th and a hurricane on the 6th. Iris then turned westward, passing just south of Jamaica on the 7th. The storm then moved quickly west-southwestward toward the coast of Belize as it became a small but powerful Category 4 hurricane on the 8th figure.
Iris made landfall over southern Belize early on the 9th at Category 4 intensity, then quickly weakened after landfall to dissipation later that day. The winds and storm surges of Iris caused severe damage over portions of the southern Belize coast. The storm was responsible for 31 deaths, including 20 in Belize, 8 in Guatemala, and 3 in the Dominican Republic. Hurricane Isabel A well-organized but slow moving tropical wave that exited the African coastline on September 1st developed into Tropical Storm Isabel on the morning of September 6th.
Isabel became a hurricane on September 7th and rapidly intensified to Category 4 hurricane strength on the evening of the 8th while the eye was located more than miles to the east of the Leeward Islands. This impressive hurricane reached Category 5 strength on September 11th, making Isabel the strongest hurricane in the Atlantic basin since Mitch in October The cyclone turned northwestward around the western periphery of the Atlantic ridge beginning on the 15th.
Isabel began to weaken on the 15th as conditions aloft became more hostile, and it fell below major hurricane strength for the first time in eight days on the 16th. Isabel was the worst hurricane to affect the Chesapeake Bay region since Storm surge values of more than 8 feet flooded rivers that flowed into the Bay across Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Washington, D. Isabel brought tropical storm force gusts as far north as New York State as it moved inland. The large wind field toppled trees and cut power to more than four million customers.
Hurricane Charley Charley originated from a tropical wave, developing into a tropical depression on August 9 about miles south-southeast of Barbados. The depression strengthened within a low-shear environment to a tropical storm early the next day in the eastern Caribbean, and became a hurricane on the 11th near Jamaica.
Charley's center passed about 40 miles southwest of the southwest coast of Jamaica, and then passed about 15 miles northeast of Grand Cayman as the hurricane reached category 2 strength on the 12th. Charley turned to the north-northwest and continued to strengthen, making landfall in western Cuba as a category 3 hurricane with m. Charley weakened just after its passage over western Cuba; its maximum winds decreased to about m.
Charley then came under the influence of an unseasonably strong mid-tropospheric trough that had dropped from the east-central United States into the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane turned north-northeastward and accelerated toward the southwest coast of Florida as it began to intensify rapidly; dropsonde measurements indicate that Charley's central pressure fell from mb to mb in 4.
By 10 am, the maximum winds had increased to near m. Charley made landfall with maximum winds near m. An hour later, Charley's eye passed over Punta Gorda. The hurricane then crossed central Florida, passing near Kissimmee and Orlando. Charley was still of hurricane intensity around midnight when its center cleared the northeast coast of Florida near Daytona Beach. After moving into the Atlantic, Charley came ashore again near Cape Romain, South Carolina near midday on the 14th as a category 1 hurricane.
The center then moved just offshore before making a final landfall at North Myrtle Beach. Charley soon weakened to a tropical storm over southeastern North Carolina and became extratropical on the 15th as it moved back over water near Virginia Beach.
Although ferocious, Charley was a very small hurricane at its Florida landfall, with its maximum winds and storm surge located only about miles from the center. This helped minimize the extent and amplitude of the storm surge, which likely did not exceed 7 feet.
However, the hurricane's violent winds devastated Punta Gorda and neighboring Port Charlotte. Rainfall amounts were generally modest, less than 8 inches. Charley also produced 16 tornadoes in Florida, North Carolina and Virginia. The total U. Casualties were remarkably low, given the strength of the hurricane and the destruction that resulted.
Charley was directly responsible for ten deaths in the United States. There were also four deaths in Cuba and one in Jamaica. Hurricane Frances Frances developed from a tropical wave, becoming a tropical depression on August 25 several hundred miles west-southwest of the southern Cape Verde Islands, a tropical storm later that day, and a hurricane the following day. Frances moved generally west-northwestward for the next several days, passing north of the Leeward Islands on the 31st and just north of the Turks and Caicos Islands on the 2nd.
During this time, Frances' peak winds reached m. Westerly wind shear then caused Frances to weaken to a category 2 hurricane by the time it passed over the northwestern Bahamas on the 4th. Frances made landfall near Stuart, Florida just after midnight on the 5th with m. Frances gradually weakened as it moved slowly across the Florida Peninsula, and became a tropical storm just before emerging into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico early on September 6.
Frances made a final landfall in the Florida Big Bend region that afternoon as a tropical storm. Frances weakened over the southeastern United States and became extratropical over West Virginia on the 9th. Frances produced a storm surge of nearly 6 feet at its Florida east coast landfall, and caused widespread heavy rains and associated freshwater flooding over much of the eastern United States, with a maximum reported rainfall of Frances was also associated with an outbreak of over tornadoes throughout the southeastern and mid-Atlantic states.
Eight deaths resulted from the forces of the storm - seven in the United States and one in the Bahamas. Hurricane Ivan Ivan developed from a large tropical wave that crossed the west coast of Africa on August 31, and spawned a tropical depression two days later.
The depression reached storm strength on September 3rd one of only a dozen on record to do so south of 10EN and continued to strengthen. By the 5th , Ivan had become a hurricane about miles east of the southern Windward Islands. Eighteen hours later Ivan became the southernmost storm to reach major hurricane status, at Ivan was a category 3 hurricane when the center passed about 7 miles south of Grenada, a path that took the northern eyewall of Ivan directly over the island.
In the Caribbean, Ivan became a category 5 hurricane, with winds of m. The center of Ivan passed within about 20 miles of Jamaica on the 11th and a similar distance from Grand Cayman on the 12th , with Grand Cayman likely experiencing sustained winds of category 4 strength.
Ivan then turned to the northwest and passed through the Yucatan channel on the 14th , bringing hurricane conditions to extreme western Cuba. Ivan moved across the east-central Gulf of Mexico, making landfall as a major hurricane with sustained winds of near m.
Ivan weakened as it moved inland, producing over tornadoes and heavy rains across much of the southeastern United States, before merging with a frontal system over the Delmarva Peninsula on the 18th.
While this would normally be the end of the story, the extratropical remnant low of Ivan split off from the frontal system and drifted southward in the western Atlantic for several days, crossed southern Florida, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico on the 21st. The low re-acquired tropical characteristics, becoming a tropical storm for the second time on the 22nd in the central Gulf. Ivan weakened before it made its final landfall in southwestern Louisiana as a tropical depression on the 24th.
Surge heights of feet occurred along the Gulf coast during Ivan's first U. Peak rainfall amounts in the Caribbean and United States were generally inches. Hurricane Jeanne Jeanne formed from a tropical wave, becoming a tropical depression on September 13 near the Leeward Islands, and strengthening to a tropical storm the next day. Moving west-northwestward, Jeanne struck Puerto Rico on the 15th with 70 m. Jeanne spent nearly 36 hours over the rough terrain of Hispaniola, generating torrential rainfall before emerging into the Atlantic north of the island.
Ida left than 1 million homes and businesses in Louisiana and Mississippi without power. The entire city of New Orleans, where levees largely held, was without power and officials say repairs could take weeks to complete. Widespread cellphone failure also affected the city. The storm caused damage to about 94 percent of oil and gas production in offshore Gulf of Mexico facilities. Final losses will take months to tally. On August 29 and 30 Julian and Kate briefly became tropical storms but dissipated without threat to land.
Larry became a hurricane on September 2 in the eastern tropical Atlantic. Larry, the 12th named storm of the season and the fifth hurricane, became a major Category 3 hurricane on September 3.
Larry marks the first time on record that the Atlantic has had more than 3 hurricane formations between 18 August and 2 September, according to Dr. Larry, a very large hurricane, moved westward towards Bermuda bringing tropical storm conditions and made landfall on Newfoundland on September Vincent Island, Florida.
After passing over the Florida Panhandle, Mindy moved over southeastern Georgia and coastal South Carolina bringing heavy rainfall as a tropical depression. Hurricane Nicholas , the sixth hurricane of the Atlantic hurricane season, formed on September 12 in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico and became a hurricane the next day as it approached the southern Texas coast.
Nicholas made landfall on September 14 on the Texas coast near Sargent Beach, bringing heavy rain, high winds and dangerous surge.
As a tropical storm, Nicholas moved north eastward over Houston and slowly moved eastward over southwest Louisiana where it dissipated, Nicholas brought heavy rain and flooding across coastal Texas and Louisiana. Hurricane Sam , the 18 th named storm of the Atlantic hurricane season, formed on September 24 in the central tropical Atlantic and rapidly strengthened to Category 4 status on September 25 as it moved west in the central tropical Atlantic.
Sam was the fourth major Category 3 or higher hurricane of the season. Sam, a very large, long-lived, intense hurricane, began to lose strength on October 2 after it passed southeast of Bermuda and moved northeastward over the open Atlantic. It became a powerful post-tropical cyclone over the far North Atlantic between Newfoundland and Iceland.
Hurricane Sam is tied with Ida for the strongest sustained winds from a Atlantic hurricane to date, according to Dr. According to Dr. Phillip Klotzbach, for the first time since , there were no major, Category 3 or higher, hurricanes formed in October. Tropical storm Wanda, the 21 st storm of the Atlantic hurricane season, formed on November 1 over the central Atlantic and dissipated on November 8. Klotzback says that only two Atlantic hurricanes seasons have had more than 21 named storms, , with 28 named storms, and , with 30 named storms.
Atlantic Basin: The record-breaking hurricane season produced 30 named storms. The old record was set in when there were 28 storms. A typical year has 12 named storms, six hurricanes, and three major hurricanes. Since all 21 of the letters of the alphabet that meteorologists use were exhausted, they began using the Greek alphabet to name storms.
A record-breaking eleven named storms or hurricanes made landfall in the continental United States. Of those, six hurricanes made landfall in the continental United States.
The Atlantic hurricane season also broke records as Tropical Storm Edouard formed as the earliest 5th named Atlantic storm on record, according to Colorado State University atmospheric scientist and Triple-I non-resident scholar, Dr.
Philip Klotzbach , and continued to shatter earliest storm records Zeta as the earliest 27 th named storm. The season began early as Tropical Storm Arthur formed on May 16 in the Atlantic Ocean east of Florida, marking the sixth consecutive year that the hurricane season began before the traditional official beginning of the season on June 1.
Tropical Storm Bertha, the second named storm to occur before the official beginning of the hurricane season, formed on May 27 near South Carolina. After making landfall near Charleston with winds of 50 mph, Bertha brought heavy rainfall in South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia. According to Aon, is the third year since that two named storms developed in the Atlantic Ocean before the beginning of the hurricane season. The company said Bertha caused millions of dollars in insured losses.
Cristobal brought tropical storm-force winds to the Gulf Coast from southeastern Louisiana to the Florida Panhandle and traveled into Arkansas and eastern Missouri, eventually reaching the Great Lakes area and Ontario, Canada. Cristobal caused three direct deaths in the United States. Tropical Storm Fay became the 6 th named storm of the Atlantic hurricane season when it formed on July 9 off the coast of North Carolina. Fay made landfall on July 10 near Atlantic City, New Jersey, as tropical storm conditions and heavy rainfall spread northeastward along the Mid-Atlantic coast.
Fay caused two direct deaths in the United States. Hurricane Hanna, the first hurricane of the Atlantic hurricane season, developed on July 23 southeast of Corpus Christi, Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico.
Hanna strengthened into a hurricane on July 25 and made landfall on Padre Island, Texas, north of Port Mansfield, as a strong Category 1 hurricane, and then had a second landfall in Kennedy County. Hanna brought hurricane conditions to south Texas as it moved inland and brought heavy rain and flash flooding over far southeast Texas and northeast Mexico.
Rainfall totals in the areas were between 4 to 6 inches but some areas received a foot of rain. Hurricane Isaias became the second hurricane of the season on July 30, and caused flash flooding and high winds over Puerto Rico.
After weakening to a tropical storm, Isaias brought winds and storm surge to East Coast Florida. As a tropical storm, Isaias moved north into Virginia, the Mid-Atlantic states and New England, bringing storm surge, dangerous winds and heavy rain before dissipating on August 5 in southeastern Canada. Tropical Storm Josephine formed in the tropical Atlantic Ocean on August 13 and dissipated without threatening land.
Kyle formed northwest of New Jersey and dissipated in the North Atlantic. Hurricane Laura formed on August 21 and brought heavy rain and flooding to islands in the Caribbean, including the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, before heading into the Gulf of Mexico.
On August 24 Laura became the fourth hurricane of the Atlantic hurricane season northwest of Cuba, and the first major hurricane on August Laura quickly intensified to a strong Category 4 storm and made landfall on August 27 near Cameron, Louisiana, close to the Texas-Louisiana border, bringing catastrophic storm surge, extreme wind and flash flooding. Klotzbach , Laura was the 7 th named storm to make landfall in the continental U. He also noted that Laura made landfall with mph winds, stronger than Hurricane Katrina in , and tied with the Last Island hurricane of as the strongest to strike Louisiana.
As a tropical storm damaging winds and flooding rainfall spread inland over central and northern Louisiana and as a remnant traveled through the mid-Mississippi Valley and brought heavy rain to the Mid-Atlantic states. Laura was responsible for seven direct deaths in the United States and widespread property damage, especially in Lake Charles, Louisiana.
Also on August 21, Hurricane Marco formed in the northwest Caribbean near the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and became a hurricane on August 23 as it traveled northwest into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marco made landfall in Louisiana near the mouth of the Mississippi River as a tropical storm on August 24 and weakened to a depression soon after. Nana formed on September 1 and became a hurricane on September 2 and made landfall on September 3 on the coast of Belize.
Hurricane Paulette formed over the central tropical Atlantic on September 7. On September 12 it became a hurricane as it approached Bermuda. It made landfall on the island on September 14 and brought hurricane conditions and torrential rain. Paulette became a Category 2 storm later that day.
Paulette caused two direct deaths in the United States. Hurricane Sally became a hurricane on September 14 in the north central Gulf near the mouth of the Mississippi River. It made landfall as a slow-moving, Category 2 hurricane on September 16 near Gulf Shores, Alabama, bringing extremely dangerous, life-threatening storm surge and catastrophic, record-breaking rain to southern Alabama and the Florida Panhandle. Sally brought post-tropical conditions to Georgia, the Carolinas and southern Virginia.
Sally caused four direct deaths in the United States. South in More than a dozen people were directly killed by the storm in Florida, with others dying of indirect causes. The hurricane destroyed the Texas town of Indianola, which at the time was vying with Galveston to become the state's main port.
Several dozen people were killed in the storm, which also ended a catastrophic drought in the region. Subscribe for our daily curated newsletter to receive the latest exclusive Reuters coverage delivered to your inbox. The lower the minimum pressure, the more intense the hurricane The following are six of the most powerful hurricanes to make landfall on the mainland United States based on minimum pressure: - Florida Keys Labor Day hurricane, , mb The hurricane struck the Florida Keys as a Category 5, the highest ranking possible on the five-step Saffir-Simpson scale.
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