Compulsory figure? Skaters used to have to trace patterns on the ice as part of their training and competitions: loops, eights, and so on. That's why it's called figure skating. Those aren't required anymore. This jump is also called a Rittberger in Europe, after Werner Rittberger, who is credited with inventing it. A toe loop is like a loop, except you dig in the toe pick of your left skate to help which means your free leg starts behind you, not in front as with the loop.
The toe loop and the Salchow are the two easiest jumps not counting a waltz jump, which only has a half rotation. This jump has also been called a cherry flip. Like a flip see below , it's a toe jump — i. The loop and the toe loop are the only jumps that can be the second jump in a combination, because in order for it to be a combination, you have to take off from the same edge you just landed on, and the loop and the toe loop are the two that do.
This is probably the most-noticed jump name. It sounds so awkward — "sow cow"? It's named after its inventor, Ulrich Salchow, a Swedish skater.
For this jump, you take off from the inside right edge of your left skate, and you don't use your toe pick. So the curve you're skating in is rotating your body the same way as the jump will, and you start by swinging your right leg around in front as you take off from your left foot.
A flip is not a backflip. Backflips are banned in competition. A flip takes off from the same edge as a Salchow, but you use the toe pick on your right skate. That makes a big difference because your right skate is actually the last thing touching the ice as you take off. The flip was for a time called a Mapes jump, after Bruce Mapes in roller skating they call a toe loop a Mapes.
A Lutz also takes off from the left foot and uses the toe pick, but it takes off from the outside left edge. That means you're curving one way and then rotating the other — it's a "counter-rotated" jump, which makes it more difficult. If you see an athlete skating a long way backwards on the left foot with a very shallow clockwise curve, you can bet they're about to do a Lutz.
Sometimes a skater will cheat and curve the other way just before jumping, making it a flip of sorts. This is called doing a flutz.
Never heard of a Walley? That's because it's only used as a connecting element between other things. It's too difficult and awkward to be done with more than one rotation. It's another counter-rotated jump, you see: You come in on an inside clockwise curve on your right skate, and then when you jump you have to turn your whole body the other way. If you use your toe pick to help you, it's a toe Walley. It's named after American skater Nate Walley, who may have invented it.
In Britain, it's sometimes called a Pat Low jump, because not everyone agrees on who to blame for it. And then there are the jumps. They all look sort of similar. Names like axel and salchow sounds like nods to German efficiency or species of bovine rather than feats of power and grace. Only a few subtle changes separate a triple loop from a triple toe loop.
A tiny shift in direction dramatically changes the triple lutz into a triple flip. Keeping track of all these details can make identifying which jump is which the single most confusing thing about an otherwise simple and exhilarating sport. To really understand how jumps work is to understand how an ice skate works.
So really, skaters are skating on two edges: the inside edge and the outside edge of each skate. The transfer of weight between blades and edges is what allows everything in figure skating to be possible. Which edge a skater puts his weight on going into a jump is what distinguishes one jump from another. The other determining factor is whether the jump uses the toe pick — a little set of jagged teeth at the front of the blade that helps skaters stab into the ice to push upward and launch themselves into the air.
If you tune in to any broadcast of a figure skating competition, it can seem like the announcers are speaking a different language. But all you need to know is that because there are only a certain number of edges and a certain number of ways a skater can land a jump, there are only six recognized jumps in competitive figure skating: the toe loop, the salchow, the loop, the flip, the lutz, and the axel.
These six jumps are generally divided into two groups. In competition, each jump is worth a certain number of points based on their difficulty level, with the toe loop worth the least and the axel worth the most. Read on for a rundown of each jump. The t oe l oop a toe jump. The loop is another edge jump. It starts from the inside edge of one foot and ends on the outside edge of the opposite foot. But in the GIF above, Japanese skater Yuzuru Hanyu performs a quadruple salchow, which is worth even more due to the extra rotation.
The f lip a toe jump. The flip is a toe jump. The loop is another edge jump, where the jumper in this case, Johnny Weir takes off from his back outside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the same leg.
An easy way to remember this jump is that it's basically a toe loop without the assist of the toe pick. The flip like the toe-loop, is a pick-assisted jump. The difference between the flip, the toe-loop, and the Lutz is that the take off begins from the back inside edge and is landed with the opposite foot. The only difference between a Lutz and a flip is the edge the skater is taking off from.
Some skaters "cheat" and take off from the wrong edge when attempting to do a Lutz, which calls for takeoff from the back outside edge and landing on the opposite foot. What also makes the Lutz difficult is that it's counter-rotated, meaning that the rotation of the jump is the opposite of its entry.
The triple Lutz above belongs to olympic gold medalist Kim Yu-Na, whose strongest jump is her textbook Lutz. Here's a better look at Gracie Gold taking off from her outside edge.
The Axel is the easiest jump to tell apart from the other because of its entry — it looks particularly cool because the skater is taking this jump head-on.
The Axel is also the hardest jump. Here's a slow-mo version of Mao Asada, one of the few women in history who has landed the triple Axel and one of the only women who regularly attempts it:. What you'll notice is that the jump is actually three-and-a-half rotations. That makes it more difficult, and worth more points. What you'll also notice in this replay are Asada's feet— she's taking off with her forward outside edge and landing on the opposite foot. If the only thing separating one jump from another is the edge and switching edges can be as simple as applying pressure, then it becomes relatively simple to "flutz" take off with the wrong edge a Lutz.
And with all these different moving parts, edges, legs, landings, revolutions, etc. That's why the International Skating Union now has a technical panel which uses instant replay to make sure feet are in the right position and the correct edges are being used.
But just meeting the bare minimum isn't the ultimate goal here. That's reflected in the Grade of Execution score, where you can be deducted or gain bonus points depending on how well you do a jump. In order to score the highest amount of points, it's been established that you have to skate beautifully. But landing quad after quad or triple after triple isn't enough.
The only thing better than landing on beautiful jump is landing two beautiful jumps and the only thing better than landing two beautiful difficult jumps is landing two beautiful difficult jumps in a row. Performing a jump after just completing another is what's known as a combination.
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